ekonomik eşitlik
ekonomik entegrasyon
ekonomik düşünce tarihi
ekonomik düşünce okulları
ekonomik değer

ekonomik eşitsizlik ne demek?

Ekonomik eşitsizlik bir gruptaki bireylerin, bir popülasyonu oluşturan grupların ya da ülkelerin arasındaki ekonomik refah seviyesinde farklılıklar bulunması durumunu tanımlar. Ekonomik eşitsizlik ifadesi gelir eşitsizliği, servet eşitsizliği, ya da **zenginlik boşluğu **olarak da ifade edilebilir. Ekonomistler genellikle ekonomik eşitsizliğe üç kriteri ölçü alarak yaklaşır: servet, gelir ve tüketim.1 Ekonomik eşitsizlik sorunu eşitlik, eşitlik çıktısı, ve eşitlik fırsatı kavramları ile ilişkilidir.2

Ekonomik eşitsizlik; toplumlar, tarihsel dönemler, ekonomik yapılar ve ekonomik sistemler arasında değişiklikler gösterir. Bu eşitsizlik, gelirin ya da servetin herhangi bir periyottaki yatay seyri ve gelir ya da servetin uzun süreler içerisindeki değişimi anlamını taşır.3 Ekonomik eşitsizliği ölçmek için birçok sayısal endeks mevcut olup en yaygın olarak kullanılan ise Gini katsayısı'dır.

Bazı çalışmalar, ekonomik eşitsizliğin toplumsal bir sorun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur4 Örneğin, Yüksek değerdeki eşitsizlik yıkıcı olabilir,56 çünkü bu eşitsizlik uzun vadeli büyümeye engel olacaktır.789 Yüksek değerdeki gelir eşitliği de aynı şekilde yıkıcıdır, çünkü verimliliği azaltır, risk alma ve servet edinme isteğini köreltir.10111213

Eşitsizliğin deneysel (amprik) ölçümü

Ekonomistler, ekonomik dağılımı ölçerken genellikle üç metriği dikkate alır: servet, gelir ve tüketim.14 Profesyonel bir uzmanın öğrencilik döneminde düşük serveti ve düşük geliri olabilir, ve kariyer sürecinde düşük servet ve yüksek gelir, kariyer sonrasında ise yüksek servet ve düşük geliri olur. İnsanların tercihleri kazançlarını hemen tüketmeyi ya da tüketimi geleceğe saklama alternatifini belirler. Bu ayrım ekonomi seviyesinde ayrıca önemlidir:

  • Bazı ülkelerin yüksek derece gelir eşitsizliği ve buna kıyasla düşük derecede servet eşitsizliği vardır - örneğin; Japonya ve İtalya15
  • Bazı ülkelerin nispeten düşük derecede gelir eşitsizliği ancak buna kıyasla yüksek derecede servet eşitsizliği vardır - örneğin; İsveç ve Danimarka16

Ölçümler

Küresel servet dağılımı tahminleri

<table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th><p>The following table displays the wealth patterns within countries. The table was created from information provided by the Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", published 2013.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a></p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th><p>Country</p></th> <th><p>Adults Thousands</p></th> <th><p>Mean wealth per adult USD</p></th> <th><p>Median wealth per adult USD</p></th> <th><p>Distribution of adults (%) by wealth range (USD)</p></th> <th><p>Gini %</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>under 10K</p></td> <td><p>10K – 100K</p></td> <td><p>100K – 1M</p></td> <td><p>&gt; 1M</p></td> <td><p>Total</p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Danimarka</p></td> <td><p>4,190</p></td> <td><p>255,066</p></td> <td><p>57,675</p></td> <td><p>39.5</p></td> <td><p>17</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Rusya Federasyonu</p></td> <td><p>110,365</p></td> <td><p>10,976</p></td> <td><p>871</p></td> <td><p>93.7</p></td> <td><p>5.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Ukrayna</p></td> <td><p>35,912</p></td> <td><p>3,413</p></td> <td><p>419</p></td> <td><p>97.4</p></td> <td><p>2.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>10,958</p></td> <td><p>7,161</p></td> <td><p>1,176</p></td> <td><p>93.1</p></td> <td><p>6.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2,953</p></td> <td><p>30,868</p></td> <td><p>6,076</p></td> <td><p>66.8</p></td> <td><p>29.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Birleşik Devletleri</p></td> <td><p>239,279</p></td> <td><p>301,140</p></td> <td><p>44,911</p></td> <td><p>30.7</p></td> <td><p>33</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>6,690</p></td> <td><p>2,913</p></td> <td><p>479</p></td> <td><p>93.9</p></td> <td><p>5.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>51,687</p></td> <td><p>25,909</p></td> <td><p>5,326</p></td> <td><p>67</p></td> <td><p>30.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Afrika</p></td> <td><p>31,034</p></td> <td><p>19,613</p></td> <td><p>3,051</p></td> <td><p>72.3</p></td> <td><p>24.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>-Kong, Çin </p></td> <td><p>6,052</p></td> <td><p>153,312</p></td> <td><p>32,384</p></td> <td><p>30.3</p></td> <td><p>49.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>56,730</p></td> <td><p>8,799</p></td> <td><p>1,849</p></td> <td><p>88.1</p></td> <td><p>11.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>157,869</p></td> <td><p>11,839</p></td> <td><p>2,393</p></td> <td><p>81.1</p></td> <td><p>17.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>49,642</p></td> <td><p>7,772</p></td> <td><p>1,855</p></td> <td><p>90.5</p></td> <td><p>8.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>18,991</p></td> <td><p>6,900</p></td> <td><p>1,505</p></td> <td><p>90.9</p></td> <td><p>8.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>135,385</p></td> <td><p>23,278</p></td> <td><p>5,117</p></td> <td><p>66.6</p></td> <td><p>30.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>18,382</p></td> <td><p>27,007</p></td> <td><p>5,831</p></td> <td><p>61.4</p></td> <td><p>35.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Şili </p></td> <td><p>12,461</p></td> <td><p>49,032</p></td> <td><p>11,742</p></td> <td><p>45</p></td> <td><p>48</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Hindistan </p></td> <td><p>767,612</p></td> <td><p>4,706</p></td> <td><p>1,040</p></td> <td><p>94.4</p></td> <td><p>5.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>6,101</p></td> <td><p>512,562</p></td> <td><p>95,916</p></td> <td><p>5.2</p></td> <td><p>46</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>7,299</p></td> <td><p>299,441</p></td> <td><p>52,677</p></td> <td><p>15.6</p></td> <td><p>48.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>52,710</p></td> <td><p>7,285</p></td> <td><p>1,852</p></td> <td><p>90.4</p></td> <td><p>9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>80,462</p></td> <td><p>3,620</p></td> <td><p>894</p></td> <td><p>94.9</p></td> <td><p>4.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>30,464</p></td> <td><p>26,222</p></td> <td><p>6,228</p></td> <td><p>60.2</p></td> <td><p>35.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Seyşeller" title="wikilink">Seychelles</a></p></td> <td><p>54</p></td> <td><p>60,003</p></td> <td><p>14,617</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>50</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>28,265</p></td> <td><p>15,638</p></td> <td><p>4,032</p></td> <td><p>72.1</p></td> <td><p>26.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Arabistan </p></td> <td><p>16,694</p></td> <td><p>37,346</p></td> <td><p>9,772</p></td> <td><p>53.3</p></td> <td><p>41.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Namibya" title="wikilink">Namibia</a></p></td> <td><p>1,256</p></td> <td><p>19,899</p></td> <td><p>4,531</p></td> <td><p>67.5</p></td> <td><p>28.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> İsrail </p></td> <td><p>4,947</p></td> <td><p>137,351</p></td> <td><p>38,164</p></td> <td><p>30</p></td> <td><p>44.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Komorlar" title="wikilink">Comoros</a></p></td> <td><p>388</p></td> <td><p>2,872</p></td> <td><p>670</p></td> <td><p>93.8</p></td> <td><p>6.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>694</p></td> <td><p>119,568</p></td> <td><p>34,874</p></td> <td><p>23.8</p></td> <td><p>56.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>73,380</p></td> <td><p>35,872</p></td> <td><p>9,718</p></td> <td><p>53.5</p></td> <td><p>40.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>3,733</p></td> <td><p>380,473</p></td> <td><p>92,859</p></td> <td><p>19.4</p></td> <td><p>32.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>6,761</p></td> <td><p>203,931</p></td> <td><p>57,450</p></td> <td><p>28.2</p></td> <td><p>31.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>4,291</p></td> <td><p>28,397</p></td> <td><p>6,563</p></td> <td><p>58.1</p></td> <td><p>35.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Botsvana" title="wikilink">Botswana</a></p></td> <td><p>1,181</p></td> <td><p>10,348</p></td> <td><p>2,649</p></td> <td><p>81</p></td> <td><p>17.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>67,068</p></td> <td><p>192,232</p></td> <td><p>49,370</p></td> <td><p>29</p></td> <td><p>33.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Haiti</p></td> <td><p>5,813</p></td> <td><p>3,532</p></td> <td><p>960</p></td> <td><p>92.3</p></td> <td><p>7.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Angola" title="wikilink">Angola</a></p></td> <td><p>9,273</p></td> <td><p>14,708</p></td> <td><p>3,934</p></td> <td><p>69.1</p></td> <td><p>28.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Orta_Afrika_Cumhuriyeti" title="wikilink">Central African Republic</a></p></td> <td><p>2,370</p></td> <td><p>800</p></td> <td><p>241</p></td> <td><p>99.1</p></td> <td><p>0.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Bolivya" title="wikilink">Bolivia</a></p></td> <td><p>5,800</p></td> <td><p>4,604</p></td> <td><p>1,368</p></td> <td><p>89.3</p></td> <td><p>10.4</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Zambiya" title="wikilink">Zambia</a></p></td> <td><p>6,151</p></td> <td><p>1,817</p></td> <td><p>548</p></td> <td><p>96.8</p></td> <td><p>3.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Çek_Cumhuriyeti" title="wikilink">Czech Republic</a></p></td> <td><p>8,437</p></td> <td><p>44,975</p></td> <td><p>15,541</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>53.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Singapur" title="wikilink">Singapore</a></p></td> <td><p>3,955</p></td> <td><p>281,764</p></td> <td><p>90,466</p></td> <td><p>20</p></td> <td><p>34.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Kuveyt" title="wikilink">Kuwait</a></p></td> <td><p>2,291</p></td> <td><p>119,101</p></td> <td><p>42,897</p></td> <td><p>21.8</p></td> <td><p>55.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Polonya" title="wikilink">Poland</a></p></td> <td><p>30,255</p></td> <td><p>26,056</p></td> <td><p>9,109</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> <td><p>41.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Çin_Cumhuriyeti" title="wikilink">Taiwan</a></p></td> <td><p>18,359</p></td> <td><p>151,752</p></td> <td><p>53,336</p></td> <td><p>22.5</p></td> <td><p>45.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Hollanda" title="wikilink">Netherlands</a></p></td> <td><p>12,914</p></td> <td><p>185,588</p></td> <td><p>83,631</p></td> <td><p>23.3</p></td> <td><p>30.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Belize" title="wikilink">Belize</a></p></td> <td><p>188</p></td> <td><p>9,998</p></td> <td><p>3,130</p></td> <td><p>76.3</p></td> <td><p>22.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Surinam" title="wikilink">Suriname</a></p></td> <td><p>344</p></td> <td><p>14,250</p></td> <td><p>4,544</p></td> <td><p>68.8</p></td> <td><p>29.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Nikaragua" title="wikilink">Nicaragua</a></p></td> <td><p>3,424</p></td> <td><p>3,432</p></td> <td><p>1,147</p></td> <td><p>92.5</p></td> <td><p>7.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>16,692</p></td> <td><p>14,044</p></td> <td><p>5,137</p></td> <td><p>69.3</p></td> <td><p>29.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1,079</p></td> <td><p>3,457</p></td> <td><p>1,105</p></td> <td><p>92.4</p></td> <td><p>7.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>3,910</p></td> <td><p>10,934</p></td> <td><p>3,726</p></td> <td><p>73.2</p></td> <td><p>25.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>628</p></td> <td><p>4,360</p></td> <td><p>1,393</p></td> <td><p>90</p></td> <td><p>9.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2,322</p></td> <td><p>22,292</p></td> <td><p>7,509</p></td> <td><p>57.3</p></td> <td><p>38.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>5,306</p></td> <td><p>723</p></td> <td><p>245</p></td> <td><p>99.3</p></td> <td><p>0.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Tome and Principe</p></td> <td><p>86</p></td> <td><p>2,721</p></td> <td><p>959</p></td> <td><p>94.3</p></td> <td><p>5.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>27,173</p></td> <td><p>251,034</p></td> <td><p>90,252</p></td> <td><p>30</p></td> <td><p>21.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>38,350</p></td> <td><p>79,475</p></td> <td><p>30,938</p></td> <td><p>25.3</p></td> <td><p>59.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> New Guinea</p></td> <td><p>3,752</p></td> <td><p>8,470</p></td> <td><p>2,821</p></td> <td><p>81.1</p></td> <td><p>18</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Verde</p></td> <td><p>295</p></td> <td><p>16,313</p></td> <td><p>5,478</p></td> <td><p>65</p></td> <td><p>32.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> and Barbuda</p></td> <td><p>63</p></td> <td><p>19,011</p></td> <td><p>6,281</p></td> <td><p>58.8</p></td> <td><p>38.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Rica</p></td> <td><p>3,246</p></td> <td><p>28,124</p></td> <td><p>9,532</p></td> <td><p>54.1</p></td> <td><p>40.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>50</p></td> <td><p>24,086</p></td> <td><p>8,349</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> <td><p>40.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p>. Kitts and Nevis</p></td> <td><p>34</p></td> <td><p>23,613</p></td> <td><p>8,185</p></td> <td><p>56.3</p></td> <td><p>39.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>. Vincent and the Grenadines</p></td> <td><p>71</p></td> <td><p>10,196</p></td> <td><p>3,492</p></td> <td><p>73.8</p></td> <td><p>25.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>67</p></td> <td><p>14,473</p></td> <td><p>5,017</p></td> <td><p>67.5</p></td> <td><p>30.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Zealand</p></td> <td><p>3,234</p></td> <td><p>182,548</p></td> <td><p>76,607</p></td> <td><p>25.6</p></td> <td><p>34.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>8,723</p></td> <td><p>12,350</p></td> <td><p>4,403</p></td> <td><p>69.8</p></td> <td><p>28.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Salvador</p></td> <td><p>3,738</p></td> <td><p>12,039</p></td> <td><p>4,483</p></td> <td><p>70</p></td> <td><p>28.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>3,488</p></td> <td><p>183,804</p></td> <td><p>75,573</p></td> <td><p>20.9</p></td> <td><p>36.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>20,757</p></td> <td><p>2,843</p></td> <td><p>1,049</p></td> <td><p>94.2</p></td> <td><p>5.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1,872</p></td> <td><p>48,415</p></td> <td><p>18,152</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>47.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>18,865</p></td> <td><p>18,227</p></td> <td><p>6,705</p></td> <td><p>58.5</p></td> <td><p>38.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>908</p></td> <td><p>864</p></td> <td><p>324</p></td> <td><p>99.2</p></td> <td><p>0.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>-Brazzaville</p></td> <td><p>2,024</p></td> <td><p>3,892</p></td> <td><p>1,420</p></td> <td><p>91.2</p></td> <td><p>8.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Arab Emirates</p></td> <td><p>3,777</p></td> <td><p>126,791</p></td> <td><p>51,882</p></td> <td><p>20</p></td> <td><p>50.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1,278</p></td> <td><p>153,294</p></td> <td><p>58,237</p></td> <td><p>25</p></td> <td><p>38.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>8,614</p></td> <td><p>89,074</p></td> <td><p>38,846</p></td> <td><p>25.8</p></td> <td><p>54.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>11,441</p></td> <td><p>811</p></td> <td><p>313</p></td> <td><p>99.3</p></td> <td><p>0.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1,719</p></td> <td><p>11,401</p></td> <td><p>4,393</p></td> <td><p>70</p></td> <td><p>28.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>2,400</p></td> <td><p>47,002</p></td> <td><p>17,998</p></td> <td><p>39.6</p></td> <td><p>48.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>15,107</p></td> <td><p>750</p></td> <td><p>294</p></td> <td><p>99.4</p></td> <td><p>0.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Congo</p></td> <td><p>31,854</p></td> <td><p>321</p></td> <td><p>124</p></td> <td><p>99.9</p></td> <td><p>0.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>998,254</p></td> <td><p>22,230</p></td> <td><p>8,023</p></td> <td><p>58.4</p></td> <td><p>39.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>10,359</p></td> <td><p>448</p></td> <td><p>177</p></td> <td><p>99.8</p></td> <td><p>0.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>474</p></td> <td><p>3,801</p></td> <td><p>1,506</p></td> <td><p>91.6</p></td> <td><p>8.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>523</p></td> <td><p>6,473</p></td> <td><p>2,630</p></td> <td><p>85</p></td> <td><p>14.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>48,124</p></td> <td><p>295,933</p></td> <td><p>141,850</p></td> <td><p>21.7</p></td> <td><p>22.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>200</p></td> <td><p>22,289</p></td> <td><p>8,108</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> <td><p>41.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2,781</p></td> <td><p>2,125</p></td> <td><p>875</p></td> <td><p>96.3</p></td> <td><p>3.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1,561</p></td> <td><p>11,543</p></td> <td><p>4,743</p></td> <td><p>69.3</p></td> <td><p>29.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Leone</p></td> <td><p>2,897</p></td> <td><p>681</p></td> <td><p>273</p></td> <td><p>99.6</p></td> <td><p>0.4</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>13,501</p></td> <td><p>1,811</p></td> <td><p>743</p></td> <td><p>97.7</p></td> <td><p>2.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p>. Lucia</p></td> <td><p>119</p></td> <td><p>13,087</p></td> <td><p>5,296</p></td> <td><p>66.3</p></td> <td><p>32.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>7,452</p></td> <td><p>21,084</p></td> <td><p>8,823</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> <td><p>41.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>869</p></td> <td><p>21,860</p></td> <td><p>9,240</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> <td><p>41.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Islands</p></td> <td><p>298</p></td> <td><p>9,868</p></td> <td><p>4,261</p></td> <td><p>73.8</p></td> <td><p>25.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>21,355</p></td> <td><p>11,398</p></td> <td><p>4,750</p></td> <td><p>70</p></td> <td><p>28.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> d'Ivoire</p></td> <td><p>11,501</p></td> <td><p>2,640</p></td> <td><p>1,104</p></td> <td><p>95</p></td> <td><p>4.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Lanka</p></td> <td><p>14,326</p></td> <td><p>5,033</p></td> <td><p>2,101</p></td> <td><p>87.9</p></td> <td><p>11.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>3,352</p></td> <td><p>36,570</p></td> <td><p>15,305</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>52.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>3,172</p></td> <td><p>21,640</p></td> <td><p>9,178</p></td> <td><p>54.7</p></td> <td><p>41.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>3,693</p></td> <td><p>2,450</p></td> <td><p>1,049</p></td> <td><p>95.6</p></td> <td><p>4.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Kingdom</p></td> <td><p>48,220</p></td> <td><p>243,570</p></td> <td><p>111,524</p></td> <td><p>18</p></td> <td><p>28.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1,832</p></td> <td><p>1,967</p></td> <td><p>865</p></td> <td><p>97</p></td> <td><p>3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Faso</p></td> <td><p>7,721</p></td> <td><p>1,273</p></td> <td><p>543</p></td> <td><p>98.7</p></td> <td><p>1.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>508</p></td> <td><p>3,465</p></td> <td><p>1,488</p></td> <td><p>92.8</p></td> <td><p>7.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>5,485</p></td> <td><p>1,131</p></td> <td><p>483</p></td> <td><p>99</p></td> <td><p>1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> and Tobago</p></td> <td><p>987</p></td> <td><p>15,088</p></td> <td><p>6,459</p></td> <td><p>60</p></td> <td><p>38.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>7,417</p></td> <td><p>207</p></td> <td><p>89</p></td> <td><p>100</p></td> <td><p>0</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>5,301</p></td> <td><p>882</p></td> <td><p>380</p></td> <td><p>99.4</p></td> <td><p>0.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>253</p></td> <td><p>211,592</p></td> <td><p>104,733</p></td> <td><p>20</p></td> <td><p>30</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>54</p></td> <td><p>15,905</p></td> <td><p>7,217</p></td> <td><p>58.8</p></td> <td><p>39.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>6,423</p></td> <td><p>2,597</p></td> <td><p>1,125</p></td> <td><p>95.3</p></td> <td><p>4.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>10,459</p></td> <td><p>2,603</p></td> <td><p>1,115</p></td> <td><p>95.2</p></td> <td><p>4.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>138</p></td> <td><p>6,068</p></td> <td><p>2,753</p></td> <td><p>85</p></td> <td><p>14.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>4,733</p></td> <td><p>3,187</p></td> <td><p>1,398</p></td> <td><p>93.6</p></td> <td><p>6.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>92</p></td> <td><p>34,537</p></td> <td><p>15,132</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>53</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>9,151</p></td> <td><p>2,644</p></td> <td><p>1,155</p></td> <td><p>95</p></td> <td><p>4.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>12,192</p></td> <td><p>4,951</p></td> <td><p>2,193</p></td> <td><p>88.3</p></td> <td><p>11.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>53,270</p></td> <td><p>8,727</p></td> <td><p>3,846</p></td> <td><p>75</p></td> <td><p>24.4</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2,118</p></td> <td><p>2,173</p></td> <td><p>987</p></td> <td><p>96.5</p></td> <td><p>3.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>22,038</p></td> <td><p>951</p></td> <td><p>423</p></td> <td><p>99.3</p></td> <td><p>0.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>3,618</p></td> <td><p>5,393</p></td> <td><p>2,411</p></td> <td><p>86.7</p></td> <td><p>13.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>2,537</p></td> <td><p>23,411</p></td> <td><p>10,635</p></td> <td><p>47.5</p></td> <td><p>48.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>34,180</p></td> <td><p>2,214</p></td> <td><p>941</p></td> <td><p>97</p></td> <td><p>3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>4,195</p></td> <td><p>171,821</p></td> <td><p>95,095</p></td> <td><p>29</p></td> <td><p>22.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>210</p></td> <td><p>5,556</p></td> <td><p>2,480</p></td> <td><p>85</p></td> <td><p>14.8</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>242</p></td> <td><p>41,106</p></td> <td><p>17,842</p></td> <td><p>35</p></td> <td><p>55.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>37,206</p></td> <td><p>123,997</p></td> <td><p>63,306</p></td> <td><p>17.4</p></td> <td><p>52.4</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1,855</p></td> <td><p>14,214</p></td> <td><p>6,433</p></td> <td><p>61.1</p></td> <td><p>37.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Arab Republic</p></td> <td><p>13,352</p></td> <td><p>7,073</p></td> <td><p>3,198</p></td> <td><p>82.7</p></td> <td><p>16.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1,787</p></td> <td><p>24,285</p></td> <td><p>11,338</p></td> <td><p>45</p></td> <td><p>50.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>9,105</p></td> <td><p>102,971</p></td> <td><p>53,937</p></td> <td><p>20.4</p></td> <td><p>53.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>3,858</p></td> <td><p>14,364</p></td> <td><p>6,589</p></td> <td><p>60.3</p></td> <td><p>38.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Republic</p></td> <td><p>3,568</p></td> <td><p>5,385</p></td> <td><p>2,432</p></td> <td><p>85.9</p></td> <td><p>13.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Nam</p></td> <td><p>61,765</p></td> <td><p>4,857</p></td> <td><p>2,215</p></td> <td><p>87.8</p></td> <td><p>12</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> Bank and Gaza</p></td> <td><p>1,739</p></td> <td><p>8,979</p></td> <td><p>4,200</p></td> <td><p>73.1</p></td> <td><p>26.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Guinea</p></td> <td><p>365</p></td> <td><p>19,525</p></td> <td><p>9,130</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> <td><p>42.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p> and Herzegovina</p></td> <td><p>2,985</p></td> <td><p>11,173</p></td> <td><p>5,139</p></td> <td><p>68.2</p></td> <td><p>30.9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>390</p></td> <td><p>315,240</p></td> <td><p>182,768</p></td> <td><p>15</p></td> <td><p>22.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1,055</p></td> <td><p>33,701</p></td> <td><p>15,724</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>53.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>-Bissau</p></td> <td><p>836</p></td> <td><p>424</p></td> <td><p>199</p></td> <td><p>99.9</p></td> <td><p>0.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2,237</p></td> <td><p>9,450</p></td> <td><p>4,451</p></td> <td><p>72.7</p></td> <td><p>26.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>7,014</p></td> <td><p>937</p></td> <td><p>434</p></td> <td><p>99.3</p></td> <td><p>0.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>23,982</p></td> <td><p>10,100</p></td> <td><p>4,673</p></td> <td><p>70</p></td> <td><p>29.2</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>23,811</p></td> <td><p>1,291</p></td> <td><p>595</p></td> <td><p>98.9</p></td> <td><p>1.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>4,729</p></td> <td><p>293</p></td> <td><p>137</p></td> <td><p>99.9</p></td> <td><p>0.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>6,276</p></td> <td><p>16,344</p></td> <td><p>7,721</p></td> <td><p>57.1</p></td> <td><p>41.4</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>3,498</p></td> <td><p>26,551</p></td> <td><p>12,639</p></td> <td><p>41.2</p></td> <td><p>54.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>49,117</p></td> <td><p>241,383</p></td> <td><p>138,653</p></td> <td><p>20</p></td> <td><p>20.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>6,464</p></td> <td><p>955</p></td> <td><p>455</p></td> <td><p>99.4</p></td> <td><p>0.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>2,692</p></td> <td><p>3,854</p></td> <td><p>1,874</p></td> <td><p>91.8</p></td> <td><p>8.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>17,273</p></td> <td><p>1,998</p></td> <td><p>951</p></td> <td><p>97.7</p></td> <td><p>2.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>104,135</p></td> <td><p>1,894</p></td> <td><p>908</p></td> <td><p>97.9</p></td> <td><p>2.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>935</p></td> <td><p>37,308</p></td> <td><p>19,247</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>52.5</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>7,915</p></td> <td><p>28,379</p></td> <td><p>14,068</p></td> <td><p>40</p></td> <td><p>55</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2,263</p></td> <td><p>5,613</p></td> <td><p>2,793</p></td> <td><p>85.5</p></td> <td><p>14.3</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>4,022</p></td> <td><p>3,168</p></td> <td><p>1,581</p></td> <td><p>94.3</p></td> <td><p>5.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>106,365</p></td> <td><p>4,248</p></td> <td><p>2,106</p></td> <td><p>90.8</p></td> <td><p>9</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>42,750</p></td> <td><p>411</p></td> <td><p>207</p></td> <td><p>99.9</p></td> <td><p>0.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>16,617</p></td> <td><p>402,578</p></td> <td><p>219,505</p></td> <td><p>6.9</p></td> <td><p>23.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>104,315</p></td> <td><p>216,694</p></td> <td><p>110,294</p></td> <td><p>9.2</p></td> <td><p>37.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>467</p></td> <td><p>21,340</p></td> <td><p>10,929</p></td> <td><p>45</p></td> <td><p>52.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>8,387</p></td> <td><p>255,573</p></td> <td><p>148,141</p></td> <td><p>17.4</p></td> <td><p>22.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>7,527</p></td> <td><p>15,175</p></td> <td><p>7,978</p></td> <td><p>56.8</p></td> <td><p>42</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>5,991</p></td> <td><p>16,818</p></td> <td><p>8,825</p></td> <td><p>55.2</p></td> <td><p>43.4</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>7,543</p></td> <td><p>2,407</p></td> <td><p>1,271</p></td> <td><p>96.8</p></td> <td><p>3.1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>330</p></td> <td><p>71,448</p></td> <td><p>42,898</p></td> <td><p>18.8</p></td> <td><p>65</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>571</p></td> <td><p>44,822</p></td> <td><p>26,675</p></td> <td><p>28.7</p></td> <td><p>60</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p> Darussalam</p></td> <td><p>286</p></td> <td><p>51,373</p></td> <td><p>31,527</p></td> <td><p>26.2</p></td> <td><p>58.7</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1,655</p></td> <td><p>64,067</p></td> <td><p>44,932</p></td> <td><p>19.4</p></td> <td><p>60.6</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>4,303</p></td> <td><p>27,224</p></td> <td><p>20,740</p></td> <td><p>19.8</p></td> <td><p>77.8</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <section class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document" role="doc-endnotes"> <hr /> <ol> <li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><a href="http://usagainstgreed.org/GlobalWealthDatabook2013.pdf">1</a> Credit Suisse, Research Institute – Global Wealth Databook 2013<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> </ol> </section>

Nedenler

Toplum içindeki ekonomik eşitsizlik için pek çok neden vardır. Son dönemlerdeki gelir eşitsizliğindeki artışın - OECD ülkeleri için -temel nedeni maaş ve ücretlerdeki eşitsizliktir.17

Teorik yapı

Neoklasik iktisat

Marksist iktisat

İşgücü piyasası

Vergiler

Eğitim

Liberal ekonomi, fiyat serbestisi ve sendikaların gerilemesi

Küreselleşme

Cinsiyet

Ekonomik kalkınma

Bireysel tercihler

Servet toplanması

Kira arayışları

Finansal endüstri

Jamie Galbraith geniş finans sektörüne sahip ülkelerde ekonomik eşitsizliğin daha yüksek olduğunu ve finans sektörü hacmi ile eşitsizlik arasındaki bağlantının tesadüf olmadığını savunur.1819

Etkiler

Sağlık

Sosyal uyum

Suç

Sosyal, kültürel ve kentsel katılım

Fayda, ekonomik refah ve dağıtım sistemlerinde verimlilik

Toplam talep, tüketim ve borç

Emek, konsolidasyon ve rekabetteki tekelleşme

Ekonomik teşvikler

Ekonomik büyüme

Mekanizmalar

Adil bir büyüme

Konut

Hanehakı riskleri ve tüketim isteği

Yoksulluk

Çevre

Savaş, terör ve siyasi istikrarsızlık

Bakış açıları

Sosyalist perspektifler

Meritokrasi

Liberal bakış açıları

Sosyal adalet değişkenleri

Toplumsal refah üzerindeki etkiler

Yetenek yaklaşımı

Ekonomik eşitsizliği azaltmak için politikalar

Azaltıcı Etkenler

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Kitaplar

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  • Atkinson, Anthony B. (2015). *Inequality: What Can Be Done? * Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674504763

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  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">The new egalitarianism. Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Polity. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780745634319.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Patrick&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.btitle=The+new+egalitarianism&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780745634319&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Polity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America. Princeton, New Jersey New York: Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780691162423.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Gilens&rft.btitle=Affluence+and+influence%3A+Economic+inequality+and+political+power+in+America&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780691162423&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey+New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">The distribution and redistribution of income (3rd ed.). Manchester New York New York: Manchester University Press Palgrave. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780719057328.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.btitle=The+distribution+and+redistribution+of+income&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780719057328&rft.place=Manchester+New+York+New+York&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+Palgrave&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780275975104.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.au=Vanhanen%2C+Tatu&rft.btitle=IQ+and+the+wealth+of+nations&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780275975104&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Income inequality. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780737775259.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.btitle=Income+inequality&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780737775259&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.series=Opposing+Viewpoints+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780226644554.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+I.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Lawrence+R.&rft.aulast=Page&rft.btitle=Class+war%3F%3A+What+Americans+really+think+about+economic+inequality&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226644554&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">The Oxford handbook of economic inequality. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780199231379.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Wiemer&rft.aulast=Salverda&rft.au=Nolan%2C+Brian&rft.au=Smeeding%2C+Timothy+M.&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+economic+inequality&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199231379&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">The elements of justice. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780521539364.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Schmidtz&rft.btitle=The+elements+of+justice&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521539364&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780198297581.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Amartya&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.btitle=Development+as+Freedom&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780198297581&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">On economic inequality. Radcliffe Lectures. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780198281931.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Amartya&rft.au=Foster%2C+James+E.&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.btitle=On+economic+inequality&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780198281931&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+Oxford+University+Press&rft.series=Radcliffe+Lectures&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Globalization of food, and agriculture, and the poor. New Delhi Washington D.C: Oxford University Press International Food Policy Research Institute. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780195695281.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.au=Diaz-Bonilla%2C+Eugenio&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.btitle=Globalization+of+food%2C+and+agriculture%2C+and+the+poor&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780195695281&rft.place=New+Delhi+Washington+D.C&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+International+Food+Policy+Research+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFvon_Mises1998" contenteditable="false">"Chapter 35: The welfare principle versus the market principle". In von Mises, Ludwig. Human action: a treatise on economics . </cite><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFvon_Mises1998" contenteditable="false">Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig Von Mises Institute. pp. 819–50.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Chapter+35%3A+The+welfare+principle+versus+the+market+principle&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.aulast=von+Mises&rft.btitle=Human+action%3A+a+treatise+on+economics&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2F1895&rft.pages=819-50&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Ludwig+Von+Mises+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span> ISBN 9780945466246

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier. London: Routledge. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9780415372695.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+inequality%3A+how+to+make+sick+societies+healthier&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780415372695&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better. London: Allen Lane. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">ISBN 9781846140396.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.au=Pickett%2C+Kate&rft.btitle=The+spirit+level%3A+why+more+equal+societies+almost+always+do+better&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781846140396&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

Makaleler

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAlesinaDi_TellaMacCulloch2004" contenteditable="false">"Inequality and Happiness: Are Americans and Europeans Different?". </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAlesinaDi_TellaMacCulloch2004" contenteditable="false">Journal of Public Economics (Elsevier) 88 (9–10): 2009–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Inequality+and+Happiness%3A+Are+Americans+and+Europeans+Different%3F&rft.au=Di+Tella%2C+Rafael&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.aulast=Alesina&rft.au=MacCulloch%2C+Robert&rft.date=2004-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2003.07.006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2003.07.006&rft.issue=9%9310&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.pages=2009-42&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=88" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAndersenFetner2008" contenteditable="false">"Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies". American Journal of Political Science (Midwest Political Science Association) 52 (4): 942–58. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x. </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAndersenFetner2008" contenteditable="false">JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/25193859 25193859].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Economic+inequality+and+intolerance%3A+Attitudes+toward+homosexuality+in+35+democracies&rft.au=Fetner%2C+Tina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.date=2008-10&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25193859&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2008.00352.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2008.00352.x&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.pages=942-58&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=52" contenteditable="false"> </span>

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  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFGalorZeira1993" contenteditable="false">"Income distribution and macroeconomics". Review of Economic Studies (Oxford Journals) 60 (1): 35–52. doi:10.2307/2297811. </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFGalorZeira1993" contenteditable="false">JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/2297811 2297811].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Income+distribution+and+macroeconomics&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft.aulast=Galor&rft.au=Zeira%2C+Joseph&rft.date=1993-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2297811&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2297811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2297811&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.pages=35-52&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=60" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFKaldor1955" contenteditable="false">"Alternative theories of distribution". Review of Economic Studies (Oxford Journals) 23 (2): 83–100. doi:10.2307/2296292. </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFKaldor1955" contenteditable="false">JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/2296292 2296292].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Alternative+theories+of+distribution&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Kaldor&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2296292&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2296292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2296292&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.pages=83-100&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=23" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFKenworthy2010" contenteditable="false">"Rising inequality, public policy, and America's poor". Challenge (Taylor and Francis) 53 (6): 93–109. doi:10.2753/0577-5132530606. </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFKenworthy2010" contenteditable="false">JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/27896630 27896630].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Rising+inequality%2C+public+policy%2C+and+America%27s+poor&rft.aufirst=Lane&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.date=2010-11%2F2010-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27896630&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2753%2F0577-5132530606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2F0577-5132530606&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Challenge&rft.pages=93-109&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=53" contenteditable="false"> </span> Pdf.

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFLagerl.C3.B6f2005" contenteditable="false">"Sex, equality, and growth". </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFLagerl.C3.B6f2005" contenteditable="false">Canadian Journal of Economics (Wiley) 38 (3): 807–31. doi:10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+equality%2C+and+growth&rft.aufirst=Nils-Petter&rft.aulast=Lagerl%C3%B6f&rft.date=2005-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.0008-4085.2005.00303.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0008-4085.2005.00303.x&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Economics&rft.pages=807-31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=38" contenteditable="false"> </span> Similar paper from August 2002: Sex, equality, and growth (in that order)

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFMaavak2012" contenteditable="false">"Class warfare, anarchy and the future society" . </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFMaavak2012" contenteditable="false">Journal of Futures Studies (Tamkang University Press) 17 (2): 15–36.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Class+warfare%2C+anarchy+and+the+future+society&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft.aulast=Maavak&rft.date=2012-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfs.tku.edu.tw%2F%3Fpage_id%3D554&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Futures+Studies&rft.pages=15-36&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=17" contenteditable="false"> </span> Pdf.

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFGarc.C3.ADa-Pe.C3.B1alosaTurnovsky2007" contenteditable="false">"Growth, income inequality, and fiscal policy: What are the relevant trade-offs?". </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFGarc.C3.ADa-Pe.C3.B1alosaTurnovsky2007" contenteditable="false">Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (Wiley) 39 (2-3): 369–94. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Growth%2C+income+inequality%2C+and+fiscal+policy%3A+What+are+the+relevant+trade-offs%3F&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft.aulast=Garc%C3a-Pe%C3%B1alosa&rft.au=Turnovsky%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.date=2007-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-2879.2007.00029.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-2879.2007.00029.x&rft.issue=2-3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Money%2C+Credit+and+Banking&rft.pages=369-94&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=39" contenteditable="false"> </span> Pdf.

  • <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFPigou1932" contenteditable="false">), London: Macmillan and Co., OCLC [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/302702 302702].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Part+I%2C+Chapter+VIII%3A+Economic+welfare+and+changes+in+the+distribution+of+the+national+dividend+%28section+I.VIII.3%29&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rft.aulast=Pigou&rft.btitle=The+economics+of+welfare&rft.date=1932&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FNPDBooks%2FPigou%2FpgEW8.html&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F302702&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFSala-i-Martin2006" contenteditable="false">"The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period". Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford Journals) 121 (2): 351–97. doi:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351. </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFSala-i-Martin2006" contenteditable="false">JSTOR [//www.jstor.org/stable/25098796 25098796].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=The+world+distribution+of+income%3A+Falling+poverty+and+...+convergence%2C+period&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.aulast=Sala-i-Martin&rft.date=2006-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25098796&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1162%2Fqjec.2006.121.2.351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fqjec.2006.121.2.351&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.pages=351-97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=121" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFSeguino2000" contenteditable="false">"Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis". </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFSeguino2000" contenteditable="false">World Development (ScienceDirect) 28 (7): 1211–30. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Gender+inequality+and+economic+growth%3A+A+cross-country+analysis&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.aulast=Seguino&rft.date=2000-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2800%2900018-8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2800%2900018-8&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.pages=1211-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=28" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFSmeedingThompson2011" contenteditable="false">Economic crisis, employment and income distribution, Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 1–50, ISBN 9780857247490.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Recent+trends+in+income+inequality&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft.aulast=Smeeding&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Jeffrey+P.&rft.btitle=Who+loses+in+the+downturn%3F+Economic+crisis%2C+employment+and+income+distribution&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780857247490&rft.pages=1-50&rft.place=Bingley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing+Limited&rft.series=Research+in+Labor+Economics%2C+Volume+32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span> Pdf.

Also available as <cite class="citation journal" contenteditable="false">"Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter)". </cite><cite class="citation journal" contenteditable="false">Research in Labor Economics (book series) (Emerald Group Publishing Limited) 32: 1–50. doi:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Recent+trends+in+income+inequality+%28book+chapter%29&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft.aulast=Smeeding&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Jeffrey+P.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1108%2FS0147-9121%282011%290000032004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FS0147-9121%282011%290000032004&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Labor+Economics+%28book+series%29&rft.pages=1-50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=32" contenteditable="false"> </span>

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  • <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFSvizzeroTisdell2003" contenteditable="false">"Income inequality between skilled individuals". </cite><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFSvizzeroTisdell2003" contenteditable="false">International Journal of Social Economics (Emerald) 30 (11): 1118–30. doi:10.1108/03068290310497486.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.atitle=Income+inequality+between+skilled+individuals&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.aulast=Svizzero&rft.au=Tisdell%2C+Clem&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1108%2F03068290310497486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F03068290310497486&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Economics&rft.pages=1118-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=30" contenteditable="false"> </span>

Çalışmalar

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  • <cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women? (pdf). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington DC: The World Bank. </cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">OCLC [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43703722 43703722].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gatti%2C+Roberta&rft.aulast=Dollar&rft.btitle=Gender+inequality%2C+income%2C+and+growth%3A+Are+good+times+good+for+women%3F&rft.date=1999-05&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2000%2F09%2F01%2F000094946_00081906181732%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fmulti_page.pdf&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43703722&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.series=Poverty+Reduction+and+Economic+Management+Network&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span> Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1.

  • Ravallion, Martin (2005). World Bank, 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, A poverty-inequality trade-off?

  • Sawhill, Isabel. "Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society? " The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012.

  • Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States" . FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper.

  • <cite class="citation web" contenteditable="false">"Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement" (PDF).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+inequality&rft.aufirst=Eric.&rft.aulast=Uslaner&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Brown.&rft.btitle=Inequality%2C+Trust%2C+and+Civic+Engagement&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsos.umd.edu%2Fgvpt%2Fuslaner%2Fuslanerrussellsage.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>

  • Voitchovsky, Sarah. "The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature ." Working paper.

Dış bağlantılar

Orijinal kaynak: ekonomik eşitsizlik. Creative Commons Atıf-BenzerPaylaşım Lisansı ile paylaşılmıştır.

Footnotes

  1. ↩
  2. ↩

  3. Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of ... annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of ... permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory ... earnings." ↩

  4. ↩
  5. ↩
  6. ↩
  7. ↩
  8. ↩
  9. ↩
  10. ↩
  11. ↩
  12. ↩
  13. ↩
  14. ↩
  15. ↩
  16. ↩

  17. <cite class="citation report">Gurría, Angel (5 Aralık 2011). </cite> ↩

  18. James K. Galbraith, Inequality and Instability: A Study of the World Economy Just before the Great Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). ↩

  19. Stiglitz, Joseph E. (June 4, 2012). ↩

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